• 作者: dfmzhu
• 來(lái)源: 佛山展翅調(diào)酒師學(xué)
• 日期: 2015-03-05
• 瀏覽次數(shù): 4583 次

1. 即使是“皮斯科”一詞的起源都存在爭(zhēng)議。
根據(jù)提問(wèn)對(duì)象的不同，皮斯科的名字起源也五花八門(mén)：誕生地、秘魯伊卡大區(qū)的某個(gè)印第安部落、用于儲(chǔ)存和運(yùn)輸它的陶罐或是蓋丘亞印第安語(yǔ)中的“鳥(niǎo)”一詞。各種說(shuō)法令人迷惑。而誕生地一說(shuō)亦十分混亂：秘魯境內(nèi)有叫皮斯科的城市、地區(qū)、省份、河流及山谷??這個(gè)謎題可能有多個(gè)正確答案。至于陶罐一說(shuō)，它們?cè)谏w丘亞語(yǔ)中叫做皮斯科（意思為“鳥(niǎo)兒”），而在西班牙語(yǔ)中則叫做博蒂哈。最后，盡管智利北部有座小鎮(zhèn)也叫皮斯科，但它是根據(jù)酒命名的，而不是相反。1936年，位于智利艾爾基谷皮斯科產(chǎn)區(qū)的拉烏尼翁更名為皮斯科艾爾基。但人們相信這是一次商業(yè)炒作，同時(shí)也是為了保護(hù)智利皮斯科的合法性。

1. Even the etymology of the word “pisco” is debated.
Depending who you ask, pisco takes it name from any number of sources: its place of origin, an Indian tribe from the Ica region in Peru, the ceramic jars used to store and transport the stuff, or the word for “bird” in the Quechua Indian language. Confusion reigns. Even the place of origin theory is messy: Peru has a city, district, province, river and valley… all called Pisco. This riddle could have many right answers. Regarding the jars, in Quechua they are piskos (literally “birds”) while in Spanish they are botijas. Finally, while northern Chile also has a town named Pisco, it is named after the drink, not vice versa. In 1936, La Unión, in Chile’s pisco-producing Elqui Valley, renamed itself Pisco Elqui. But this is believed to be a marketing stunt and legal ploy to protect Chile’s right to call its product “pisco”.

2. 皮斯科自稱(chēng)是美洲最古老的烈酒，但這并不正確。
卡莎薩實(shí)際上比皮斯科古老得多。不過(guò)，皮斯科的確有幾百年歷史，而且從誕生之初起便是精心釀制——這在美洲是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的?？ㄉ_是甘蔗生產(chǎn)的副產(chǎn)品，在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里都品質(zhì)粗糙，而且主要供奴隸們飲用，而創(chuàng)造了皮斯科的耶穌會(huì)會(huì)士們是當(dāng)時(shí)的葡萄種植、釀酒及蒸餾專(zhuān)家。因此，我們可以說(shuō)皮斯科是美洲第一款品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定的烈酒，但卻不是最古老的烈酒。

2. Pisco is not, as claimed, the oldest spirit from the Americas.
Cachaça, in fact, is much older than pisco. Still, it’s true the spirit has several hundred years of history and is unique in the Americas in being carefully crafted right from the beginning of its production. Unlike cachaça, which developed as a sideline of sugar production, and for a long time was rough and drunk mostly by slaves, the Jesuit monks involved in the development of pisco were the experts of their day in viniculture, wine making and distillation. So while it might be fair to call pisco the first spirit of any consistent quality produced in the Americas – it was not the first.

3. 智利聲稱(chēng)自己是皮斯科原產(chǎn)地，但這一說(shuō)法在很大程度上不被承認(rèn)。
在皮斯科的“國(guó)籍”之爭(zhēng)中，秘魯在大多數(shù)問(wèn)題上都戰(zhàn)勝了智利。地理造成了混亂。在智利和秘魯成為麻煩鄰居前，它們都屬于秘魯總督區(qū)——這片面積巨大的西班牙殖民地覆蓋了南美洲大部分區(qū)域，行政機(jī)關(guān)設(shè)在利馬。1880年代，這兩個(gè)新獨(dú)立的國(guó)家陷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，最后智利奪取了一部分秘魯領(lǐng)土，包括伊基克港——根據(jù)某些（不被采信的）的說(shuō)法，這里是皮斯科酸酒的誕生地。不過(guò)，最早的皮斯科產(chǎn)地?zé)o疑是在如今的秘魯境內(nèi)，尤其是阿雷基帕、利馬、庫(kù)斯科和阿亞庫(kù)喬。最近，作為中立仲裁者的歐洲委員會(huì)認(rèn)定秘魯是皮斯科原產(chǎn)地。

3. Chile’s claim as the original home of pisco has been largely discredited.
Peru can claim victory on most fronts in its squabble with Chile as to who “owns” pisco. Geography muddies the debate. Before Chile and Peru became unruly neighbours they belonged to the Viceroyalty of Peru – a giant Spanish colony administered from Lima that stretched across most of South America. The inhabitants of the Viceroyalty distilled pisco wherever they grew grapes and colonial vineyards existed in both Chile and Peru. In the 1880s, the two newly independent nations fought a war that ended with Chile grabbing Peruvian territory, including the port of Iquique – the so-called birthplace of the Pisco Sour, according to some (discredited) accounts. However, the earliest pisco was undoubtedly distilled in what is now modern Peru – specifically Arequipa, Lima, Cuzco and Ayacucho. As a neutral umpire, the European Commission recently recognised pisco as being of Peruvian origin.

4. 秘魯嚴(yán)格監(jiān)控皮斯科生產(chǎn)。
在秘魯，皮斯科生產(chǎn)僅限在特定的原產(chǎn)地區(qū)域進(jìn)行，主要是利馬南部的肥沃山谷。它可以使用八個(gè)葡萄品種，分別是卡班圖、黑克里奧拉、莫拉、意大利、莫斯卡特、阿比拉、特濃迪和尤維娜。純葡萄汁發(fā)酵之后小批量蒸餾至裝瓶酒精度。蒸餾完畢后，酒液需在無(wú)反應(yīng)容器中陳放至少三個(gè)月。盡管傳統(tǒng)做法是用陶罐陳放，現(xiàn)代釀酒商都會(huì)采用水泥、不銹鋼或塑料材質(zhì)的大型儲(chǔ)罐。嚴(yán)禁木桶陳年，因?yàn)槟就熬哂蟹磻?yīng)性，會(huì)對(duì)風(fēng)味和色澤產(chǎn)生影響。最后生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的酒飽含純凈的葡萄風(fēng)味，不使用任何的添加劑（也包括糖）。

4. Peru closely regulates the production of pisco.
In Peru, pisco production is limited to a specific geographic designation of origin, basically comprising the fertile coastal valleys south of Lima. Eight grape varieties can be used: quebranta, negra criolla, molar, italia, muscatel, albilla, torontel and uvina. The spirit must be batch-distilled to final proof, from a wash fermented solely from grape juice. After distillation the spirit must be rested for a minimum of three months in non-reactive vessels. Although resting traditionally employed ceramic jars, the modern practice is to use large tanks of concrete, stainless steel, or plastic. Barrel ageing is prohibited since barrels are reactive and will influence taste and colour. The result is a spirit with a pure flavour of grapes, free from additives such as sugar.

5. 秘魯皮斯科分為三類(lèi)。
根據(jù)秘魯法規(guī)，純皮斯科以單一葡萄品種釀造。八個(gè)被認(rèn)可的葡萄品種分為芳香型和無(wú)香型。前者包括阿比拉、意大利、莫斯卡特和特濃迪，后者包括卡班圖（最常見(jiàn)）、莫拉、黑克里奧拉和尤維娜。混合皮斯科以芳香葡萄和無(wú)香葡萄混釀而成。原汁皮斯科的風(fēng)格更為濃郁，由“綠色”葡萄汁蒸餾而來(lái)——也就是說(shuō)葡萄汁未經(jīng)完全發(fā)酵。常用來(lái)調(diào)酒的是以強(qiáng)勁葡萄為原料的混合皮斯科或純皮斯科——卡班圖是最受歡迎的。芳香葡萄釀造的皮斯科和原汁皮斯科則適合純飲。

5. There are three classifications of pisco in Peru.
Under Peruvian regulations pisco puro comes from a single grape variety. The eight permitted varieties are evenly split between aromatic and non-aromatic. The former are albilla, italia, muscatel and torontel while the non-aromatics are quebranta (the most popular), molar, negra criolla and uvina. Pisco acholado indicates a blend of both aromatic and non-aromatic grapes. Pisco musto verde is a richer pisco distilled from a must that remains “green” – in other words, incompletely fermented. Conventional wisdom is to make cocktails from acholado or a pisco puro based on robust grapes – quebranta is the favourite. Aromatic varieties and musto verde tend to be savoured straight.

6. 傳統(tǒng)皮斯科陳年類(lèi)似于中國(guó)白酒。
和中國(guó)白酒壇一樣，多孔滲水的陶制博蒂哈為氧化創(chuàng)造了便利條件，同時(shí)又沒(méi)有木桶陳年帶來(lái)的木頭味。不過(guò)，使用博蒂哈的傳統(tǒng)正在慢慢消亡。

6. Traditional pisco ageing has parallels with Chinese spirits.
Like Chinese wine jars, porous clay botijas allow oxidation without the wood flavours that accompany barrel ageing. Still, the use of botijas is a fading tradition.

7. 國(guó)，但與智利相比，它的皮斯科總產(chǎn)量相形見(jiàn)絀。
得益于自身龐大的葡萄酒產(chǎn)業(yè)，智利的皮斯科產(chǎn)量比秘魯高八倍。智利人口比秘魯少得多，但皮斯科消耗量卻更高。智利的法規(guī)比秘魯寬松，生產(chǎn)的皮斯科風(fēng)格可以更清淡。釀酒商擁有更多的生產(chǎn)自由，只要最后的產(chǎn)品帶葡萄味就行了。因此，智利皮斯科一般連續(xù)蒸餾至高酒精度，葡萄汁蒸餾而成的原漿常常會(huì)混入較廉價(jià)的酒液。由于生產(chǎn)成本較低，智利皮斯科成為了價(jià)格實(shí)惠的日常酒飲。與秘魯不同的是，智利還允許木桶陳年，從而釀造出適合品鑒的高端陳釀皮斯科。

7. Peru might “own” pisco but its total production is dwarfed by Chile’s.
Aided by an enormous wine industry, Chilean pisco production exceeds that of Peru by seven times. Chilean consumption is also higher despite its much smaller population. Chile’s regulations are looser than Peru’s and permit a lighter drink. Producers have considerable leeway provided the final spirit has the flavour of grapes. Hence Chilean pisco tends to use continuous distillation to high proof, and the grape distillate is often cut with cheaper sources of alcohol. Lower production costs make Chilean pisco an affordable, everyday drink. Unlike in Peru, Chile also permits barrel ageing to create, premium, age-stated sipping pisco.

8. 皮斯科不是格拉帕的南美版。
盡管兩者均為無(wú)色葡萄白蘭地，但格拉帕的原料是果渣（葡萄酒釀造過(guò)程中葡萄榨汁殘留的果皮和籽），而皮斯科的原料則是葡萄汁。格拉帕是一種副產(chǎn)品，但皮斯科是一門(mén)單獨(dú)的地方性釀酒學(xué)——至少在秘魯是如此。去秘魯超市看一看就明白了：貨架上的皮斯科種類(lèi)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)葡萄酒。

8. Pisco is not a South American version of grappa.
Although both are clear grape brandies, grappa is made from pomace (the pressed grape skins and seeds discarded by wine makers), while pisco is made from juice. Grappa is a by-product while pisco, at least in Peru, is the whole purpose of local viniculture. The point becomes clear if you check out a Peruvian supermarket – the range of pisco far exceeds that of wine.

9. 在秘魯，一瓶皮斯科通常包含六到八公斤葡萄的蒸餾精華。
對(duì)未經(jīng)完全發(fā)酵的原汁皮斯科而言，這一數(shù)量高達(dá)十二公斤。

9. In Peru, a single bottle of pisco typically contains the distilled essence of six to eight kilograms of grapes.
For musto verde styles, in which the must is not fully fermented, this increases to around 12 kilograms.

10. 除了皮斯科酸酒，秘魯和智利還有許多傳統(tǒng)喝法。
最流行的莫過(guò)于皮斯科樂(lè)，也就是加了一個(gè)青檸角的皮斯科兌可口可樂(lè)。這款酒既簡(jiǎn)單又可口，在智利的人氣要高于秘魯。秘魯?shù)陌姹疽话銜?huì)用到印加可樂(lè)——類(lèi)似于佳得樂(lè)的甜膩軟飲。更經(jīng)典的喝法是大船長(zhǎng)雞尾酒，也就是以皮斯科為基酒的曼哈頓。與曼哈頓不同的是，它并不總是冰涼的。有人覺(jué)得室溫能更好地體現(xiàn)皮斯科風(fēng)味。

10. Both Peru and Chile have many traditional serves beyond the pisco sour.
King among these is the Piscola, a simple mix of pisco and Coca-Cola served with a lime wedge. Deliciously simple, this drink is far more popular in Chile than Peru. The Peruvian version often uses Inca Cola – an icky-sweet soft drink reminiscent of Gatorade. For something more classic try the El Capitán, a Manhattan made with pisco. Unlike a Manhattan, though, the drink is not always iced. Some feel the pisco’s flavours are better showcased at room temperature.

11. 皮斯科有極大的調(diào)酒潛力，等待你去挖掘。
對(duì)尋找靈感的創(chuàng)意調(diào)酒師而言，將提基經(jīng)典作為考量對(duì)象并不算太壞，比如說(shuō)霧中小艇。這款粗獷雞尾酒的原料包括朗姆酒、金酒、雪莉酒、柑橘類(lèi)水果和杏仁糖漿，而皮斯科能夠?yàn)樗鼛?lái)神奇的活力，從而打造出一款平衡又富有魅力的新酒飲。

11. Pisco has great untapped potential in cocktails.
Creative bartenders seeking inspiration can do worse than looking to tiki classics such as, say, the Fogcutter. Pisco provides the magic that animates this raucous mix of rum, gin, sherry, citrus and orgeat, somehow producing a coherent and charismatic drinking companion.

12. 皮斯科是加州淘金熱的經(jīng)典酒飲。
在我們的想象中，美國(guó)西部拓荒者們似乎終日與威士忌為伍，但直到1869年太平洋鐵路建成之前，加利福尼亞人沿著海岸去秘魯買(mǎi)皮斯科更方便——而不是去大陸另一頭的肯塔基或費(fèi)城買(mǎi)威士忌。因此，那些發(fā)了橫財(cái)?shù)奶越鸸と撕芸赡軙?huì)進(jìn)城大喝一頓皮斯科。皮斯科潘趣是繼皮斯科酸酒之后的最著名的皮斯科雞尾酒，它誕生在舊金山也就不足為奇了。

12. Pisco was the classic drink of the Californian gold rush.
Although we tend to imagine the pioneers of the American West spending their days soaked in whiskey, before the completion of the Pacific Railroad in 1869 Californians found it easier to buy pisco from down the coast in Peru than whiskey from Kentucky or Pennsylvania – way over on the other side of the continent. Thus, the stereotypical gold prospector who had struck it rich probably headed into town for a pisco binge. It is not surprising that the Pisco Punch, that other famous pisco drink after the Pisco Sour, originated in San Francisco.

13. 秘魯和智利都設(shè)立了特別的國(guó)酒節(jié)。
秘魯人每年舉辦兩次官方皮斯科狂歡活動(dòng)：先是二月第一個(gè)周六舉行的全國(guó)皮斯科酸酒節(jié)，接著是七月第四個(gè)周日舉行的全國(guó)皮斯科節(jié)。智利則更為矜持，僅將每年的5月15日定為全國(guó)皮斯科節(jié)。

13. Both Peru and Chile have set aside special days in honour of their national drink.
Peruvians hold two official pisco parties each year. The first Saturday in February is National Pisco Sour Day, while the fourth Sunday of July is National Pisco Day. Chile is more restrained, limiting the festivities to National Pisco Day on May 15.

14. 秘魯和智利的“皮斯科之爭(zhēng)”仍然十分緊張。
2007年，智利提出共享皮斯科一詞并合作推廣，遭到秘魯拒絕。智利的官方立場(chǎng)是承認(rèn)皮斯科誕生于秘魯，但堅(jiān)持本國(guó)享有使用該詞的權(quán)利——考慮到智利漫長(zhǎng)的生產(chǎn)歷史，這一要求可謂是合理的。兩國(guó)都禁止從對(duì)方國(guó)家進(jìn)口皮斯科。秘魯對(duì)禁令的態(tài)度更嚴(yán)肅，而智利實(shí)際上是秘魯皮斯科的主要市場(chǎng)——盡管是以“白蘭地”的名義進(jìn)口的。智利鑒賞家們?cè)诒M情享用秘魯佳釀，智利政府也承認(rèn)了皮斯科的秘魯國(guó)籍，或許秘魯是時(shí)候緩和一下情緒、打開(kāi)分享之門(mén)了？

14. Tensions remain high in the “pisco war” between Peru and Chile.
In 2007 Peru rejected a Chilean offer to share the term pisco and cooperate on promotion. The official Chilean position recognises pisco’s Peruvian origins but insists on Chile’s right to use the term – reasonable given Chile’s long production history. Each country bans the import of the other’s product. Peru is more serious about the ban, though, while Chile is in fact a major market for Peruvian pisco – imported as “brandy”. With Chilean connoisseurs sipping Peruvian juice and the Chilean government accepting Peru as pisco’s daddy, perhaps it is time Peru chilled out and shared its toys?